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Agriculture is a key sector of Pakistan economy. The majority of the population is directly or indirectly based on this sector. It contributes approximately 24 percent of Gross Domestic Product accounts for half of the labor force that is employed and is the biggest source of foreign exchange earnings. Pakistan has severe issues of land water Best IT Academy in Layyah and air pollutions. High rate of pollution
intensity is directly related to economic growth and social poor people cannot avoid the adverse effects of pollution. Multiple factors such as affect are influenced by air pollution. Primarily carbon dioxide nitrogen oxides and other emissions source create air pollution and are key reasons for smog during winter in Pakistan.
The smog is mainly generated because of automobiles industries and combustion of various types of fuel. It has severe adverse effects on crops and plants. Sulfur dioxide
black carbon and particulate matter are the most widespread pollutants. NOx is photochemical smog formed from combustion of materials forest fires industries tobacco smoke and all mobile traffic particularly those running Online Learning Academy Layyah with diesel engines Nitrous Oxide causes the formation of smog and acid rain and influences ozone. Its peak hour is early morning and evening so employees cannot work during pre dawn hours during the winter season. It can lead to asthma lung infection eye irritation cancer and skin infection.
The crops and yield are also being immensely harmed because of smog. Sulfur dioxide contained in the fog kills the roots of plants and it affects both the quality and output of farm products. Black carbon is in direct interaction with the sun in diminishing the light that reaches the crop for photosynthesis and thereby injuring yields. Crop of agriculture is impacted because smog pollution causes a significant decrease in productivity and product quality.
Smog impact on agriculture is highly injurious because during the winter season smog kills the wheat cotton soybean crop along with other crops and vegetation. When Freelancing & IT Courses Layyah smog hits the crops the farmers are compelled to spend money on costly medicines for spraying which means less profit.
Literature Revie
The section consists of relevant existing literature regarding the effect of climate change on crop yield and different adaptation measures towards climate change. depicted the example of Nepali farmers and their understanding SEO Training Institute Layyah and hindrances towards climate change for rice crops. The findings of the study indicate that climate change is impacting significantly and adversely on rice crops. In order to adapt climate change the farmers are employing varied adaptation measures such as climate smart rice varieties application of chemical fertilizer and alteration in nursery date. In addition farmers also identified various constraints such as high cost of agricultural inputs unavailability and lack of access to funds and non availability and access to information.
On the samefindings disclosed the impediments to climate change adaptation in Punjab’s four districts. The key determinants to adaptation are age education land size household size and agriculture input prices. Apart from that poverty and unavailability of access opportunities to sources of finance are among the WordPress Training Layyah, Computer Courses in Layyah, Programming Courses in Layyah, Online Earning Courses Layyah, Freelancing Academy Layyah, challenges to adaptation in the chosen area. Has stated that farmers’ risk attitudes are crucial in identifying their perception towards adaptation. Farmers are risk averse most of the times and fear to adopt new technologies this attitude has become a severe limitation to adopt new and modern technologies and seed types.
Thus, they are not able to adapt towards the dynamic nature of climate change and ultimately face crop losses. In a parallel study for Nepal Khalan and clarified farmer perceptions regarding climate change.
Data and Methodology
This part consists of the research design. We will describe selected methodology and the reasons thereof apart from describing the instruments variables and analysis methods applied in the study. As discussed earlier the research will evaluate the effect of smog on Layyah and Lodhran’s agricultural productivity further we Photoshop & Illustrator Training Layyah will approximate various adaptation alternatives that farmers implement to cope up with climatic occurrences smog in production. The research also describes the choice determinants of a particular adaptation method in order to cope up with the harmful effects of smog in Layyah and Bodhran.
To achieve the objective we have carried out a survey using structured questionnaires. The current study is cross Canva Design sectional analysis and research design is descriptive and analytical. The total design of the study is depicted below.
Research Design
Generally speaking there are four categories of research approaches exploration description casual functional explanation Animation Training Layyah and understanding. But the current analysis is an exploratory analysis. An exploratory approach is appropriate when the researcher studies a new interest or when the topic itself is comparatively new. This research examines the effect of smog on wheat yield and various adaptation Best IT Institute in Layyah, Training Center in Layyah, Freelancing Skills in Layyah, Online Courses Layyah Pakistan, Short Courses Layyah Academy, alternatives a comparatively new area.
Sampling Methods
Numerous farm families are contained in the cluster. But all farmers of the villages experience identical socio economic environmental and climate situations in the agricultural activities. They form a predominantly uniform group which justifies a small sample size that may cover the whole population. Thus a Development Layyah Academy mix of multi stage sampling and simple random sampling were employed to choose the villages and households where questionnaire survey was conducted. Only 2 districts were chosen as study area.
Authors have gathered primary data without financial assistance thereby this research is confined to just two districts. Also the two districts share the same geographical features. Suitable sample size varies with the original research questions and the chosen design. Perry explained that in qualitative research best sample Layyah IT Academy size should be minimum 350 for a structured interview. In line with the literature our study chose 400 farming households.
Conceptual Framework
In the literature we have found numerous options to cope up with the detrimental effects of climate change. But the current research believes that famers are not acting irrationally when they are about to make a decision concerning the optimum available adaptaion means in the market. The farmers attempt to select these means as per their feeling and also the fact that the specific option should provide them with the Graphic Design Layyah highest advantage over the adverse effects of climate change. In addition, the farmers do a cost benefit analysis of various adaptation strategies and choose the one that has the least costs and the highest benefits.
The advantages of the adaptation strategies include the improvement in crop yield and the incomes of the farmers. However, the earlier literature quoted that in most instances the rich farmers have better and more adaptation strategies. Effect of Smog on Agricultural Product The first goal is to witness the effect of smog on agricultural productivity.
The dependent variable is wheat productivity per acre, which determines if there is a decline in wheat productivity as a result Online Earning Layyah of smog in the chosen area. The independent variables concerning the household are the nature of the household farm and institutional factors. The independent variables are of three types household farm and institutional factors. Some of the additional factors age education household sizes and experience of forming are covered under households and affect crop productivity in various ways. Similarly, the size of the farm is used as a farm attribute.
Similarly, availability of information through extension services availability of credit and off farm employment are institutional factors. Determinants of Adaptation Options This research also attempts to excavate the determinants of adaptation choices to climate change. For this, five models are estimated.
The first model deals with the determinants of all adaptation choices. The dependent variable represents all those farmers who adopt any adaptation choice, the second model looks at the determinants of climate smart varieties. We treat all such farmers as dependent variables utilizing climate smart varieties as adaptation choice in the third model we estimated determinants of varying land size. The fourth and the fifth models on the other hand look at the determinants of application of chemical fertilizer and application IT Courses Layyah of vitamins respectively.
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All farmers who apply varying land size chemical fertilizer and vitamins respectively are the dependent variables in the third fourth and fifth models. Logistic regression model is employed to examine the effect of smog on wheat productivity in districts Layyah and Lodhran. The findings indicate that area Best Academy Layyah under crop cultivation extension services credit facilities and awareness of smog pollution are significant at 1 percent and positively correlated with wheat productivity.
Farm experience is statistically significant at 5% percent and positively correlated with wheat productivity. Smog is the prime cause that damages the crop in Layyah and Lodhran. Smog is a form of air pollution that makes the count of pollutants increase swiftly in the environment. Information regarding smog is statistically important at 5%. Farmers utilize various adaptation measures for improved production if they are informed about the negative impacts of smog. Information regarding smog is positively correlated with production.
Industrial pollutants and fertility of land during smog are substantial at 1% that reveal Best Training Institute in Layyah a very high probability level but both variables reveal negative signs suggesting that variables adversely affect agriculture productivity. Results follow the ones presumed by Wahid that assert that rice production decreases due to air pollution.
Determinates of Adaptation Options
Adaptation options quantify the crop farming practice that minimizes smog impact on agricultural productivity. Descriptive analysis reveals that 74.25% of the respondents practice all the adaptation options for the improvement Career Development of productivity. Four adaptation options are used in this study. First is the adoption of smart climate varieties adopted by 34% respondents. The second is the adjustment of land size adopted by 23% of farmers.
The third and most frequently utilized option by the farmers is chemical fertilizer. Up to 74% farmers utilize such fertilizers on hazy days to safeguard the crops. The fourth adjustment alternative adopted by the farmers is utilization of vitamins which is the costliest option though 70.25% of interviewees utilize it. Our second goal is associated with determine adaptations options determinants to ensure that there are no harmful effects of smog to crop production during smoggy days. To realize the goal we first present the key determinants of adaptations as opposed to no adaption. Logistic regression is used to identify the key determinates of climate smart varieties.
We employed age household size Computer Courses Layyah Academy education land size off farm activities area under crop cultivation irrigation facilities farm experience extension services and credit facilities. In the overall adaptation model results shown in seven factors have a significant influence on farmers’ adoption choice. Out of these significant variables the education level is significant at 5% that indicates education significance for adaptation.
CONCLUSION
Smog is extremely dangerous to agricultural production because it has direct effects on crops’ growth and yield. Pollution airborne has Programming Courses Layyah negative effects on economic growth and increases poverty and heterogeneity in urban and rural areas. Smog is extremely dangerous to agricultural production its direct effect on crops is in decreasing growth and economic output. The current study initially discovers the effect of smog on wheat production.
Second it discovers which adaptation strategies are most appropriate among various adaptation alternatives the determinants of adoptions. The logistic regression is utilized to discover the effect of smog on farm produce. Productivity and growth of wheat have been negatively impacted as a result of smog because the weight Artificial Intelligence Courses Layyah and size of wheat grains have reduced. The evidence indicates that smog has produced numerous issues for farmers and crops because of the rise in the cost of production as well as loss of productivity.
It also temporarily affects the fertility of land. The research indicates that industrial pollution the key source of air pollution is becoming a serious. The findings illustrate those regions under crop credit facilities and extension services have significant and positive correlations with wheat productivity. Farm experience is statistically significant and has a positive correlation with wheat productivity. Information on smog Cybersecurity Training Layyah is also positively correlated with production.